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Several revolutionary uprisings in French history
The French Revolution that began in 1789 was an important watershed in French history. It ended more than 1,000 years of feudal rule and began a period of establishment and development of capitalism.
The history of nearly 200 years since the French Revolution can be divided into three periods: from the French Revolution to the Paris Commune ( 1789-1871), this period can be called the “century of revolution”. 1830, 1848, 1870, 1871).
The historical task of the French Revolution in 1789 was to overthrow the feudal autocracy , abolish the feudal system, establish a bourgeois regime, and develop capitalism.
From 1789 to 1794, the revolution developed along an ascending line. From the uprising of the Paris people on July 14, 1789, it went through three stages: the constitutional monarchy, the Gironde republic and the Jacobin democratic dictatorship.
On September 22, 1792, the First French Republic was established. In 1793, King Louis XVI was pushed to the guillotine, the Bourbon dynasty was overthrown, the feudal system was abolished, and the counter-revolutionary forces at home and abroad were defeated. At the moment when the revolution continued to win, the contradictions within the revolutionary camp intensified.
In July 1794, the factions opposed to Robespierre united in a Thermidor coup that overthrew the rule of the Jacobins.
In November 1799, Napoleon launched a coup d’etat in the Brumaire and established the ruling government. In 1804, Napoleon proclaimed himself emperor, changed the republic to the first French empire, abolished democracy and freedom, strengthened centralization, promulgated the “Civil Code”, and legally maintained and consolidated it. The establishment of capitalist ownership and the bourgeois social and economic order played a positive role in the development of capitalism in France.
Napoleon I encountered strong resistance to the war of aggression against Spain and Russia. He abdicated after being defeated by the anti-French coalition forces in 1814. From March to June 1815, Napoleon I was in power again for “hundred days”, and finally failed completely at Waterloo.
In 1814, Louis XVIII, who restored the dynasty, promulgated the “Charter”, guaranteeing that the economic order and bourgeois freedom rights established by the Great Revolution would not be changed.
In 1820, the ultra-right elements of the Royal Party came to power, betraying the Charter, arousing the anger of the bourgeois liberals and the masses of the people.
In 1830, the July Revolution overthrew Charles X and replaced it with the July Dynasty, and the regime fell into the hands of the big bourgeoisie.
In 1830, the industrial revolution arose in France , setting off a boom in the construction of railways. From the 1930s to the 1940s, labor movements such as the Lyon workers’ uprising, the republican movement, and the democratic movement emerged one after another, and finally merged into a huge current.
The February Revolution of 1848 overthrew the July Dynasty and established the Second French Republic .
The revolution of 1848 brought all strata of the bourgeoisie into power, and at the same time the workers made demands of their own, arousing the fear of the bourgeoisie. In June 1848, the Paris workers revolted, which was brutally suppressed, and in December of the same year, Louis Bonaparte was elected president by exploiting the peasants’ superstition of Napoleon I.
On December 2, 1851, Louis Bonaparte launched a coup d’état and proclaimed himself emperor the following year, establishing the Second French Empire as Napoleon III.
During the 18 years of the Second Empire’s rule, the Industrial Revolution made great progress. Since the 1960s, the republican movement, the democratic movement and the labor movement have continued to rise. The defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War in early September 1870 caused the September 4th Revolution . The people of Paris overthrew the monarchy and declared a republic. The French Third Republic is established.
The people of Paris have called for the establishment of a commune since the beginning of 1871 to continue the war of resistance. Left leaders of the Paris section of the First International joined with the workers to form the Central Committee of the National Guard.
On March 18, 1871, the Central Committee of the National Guard seized power with the support of the people. From March 18th to May 28th, the working class in Paris overthrew the bourgeois rule for the first time in human history and established its own political power, the Paris Commune . The Paris Commune was suppressed due to the disparity of class power.
After 1870, the French economy developed. From 1900 to 1913, monopoly organizations appeared one after another, and the concentration of bank capital was particularly prominent, becoming the capital-exporting country second only to the United Kingdom.
