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History of Egypt
Ancient Egypt was once one of the four ancient civilizations. A unified slavery country emerged in 3100 BC, and ancient Egypt formed 31 successive dynasties. From the 11th century BC to the 1st century BC, it was intermittently conquered by Assyria, Babylon, Persia, ancient Macedonia and the Roman Empire.
From the 4th to the 7th centuries AD, it was incorporated into the Eastern Roman Empire, and was later occupied by the Persian Sasanian Dynasty. In the mid-7th century AD, the Arabs invaded and became part of the Arab Empire.
In the later period of the Arab Empire, the Fatimid and Ayyubid dynasties emerged in Egypt.
It was ruled by the Mamluk dynasty in 1249 and was conquered by Ottoman Turkey in 1517, becoming an Egyptian province of the Ottoman Empire.
From 1798 to 1801, it was once occupied by Napoleon. From 1805 to 1840, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali, the Muhammad Ali Dynasty was established and became independent from the Ottoman Empire.
Occupied by British troops in 1882, it became a British protectorate in 1914.
On February 28, 1922, Britain recognized Egypt’s independence.
On July 23, 1952, the “Free Officers Organization” headed by Nasser launched a military coup, overthrew the Farouk dynasty, established the “Revolutionary Steering Committee”, took control of state power, and gained true independence. On June 18, 1953, the monarchy was abolished and the Republic of Egypt was established.
In 1956, all British troops withdrew from Egypt, but still maintained de facto governance over the Suez Canal area.
In 1956, Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal, triggering the Second Middle East War. Britain, France, and Israel formed a coalition force to control the Sinai Peninsula and the Suez Canal area in a surprise attack, encircled and annihilated many Egyptian troops, and attacked many Egyptian cities. The city launched a strategic bombing to deter the Egyptian military and civilians. In Egypt, more than 10,000 houses were destroyed, more than 1,000 people were killed and more than 20,000 people were injured.
After the war, Egypt established its leadership center in the Middle East; Britain also recognized its real national strength and announced “retreat from the east of the Suez Canal”, abandoning the colonization of Singapore, Malaya, Kuwait, Bahrain, Kenya, Tanzania and other places rule.
In February 1958, Egypt and Syria merged to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, Syria seceded from the United Arab Republic. In 1967, the third Middle East war broke out, and Egypt lost the Sinai Peninsula.
Nasser died in 1970, and Sadat succeeded him as president. In September 1971, the country was renamed the “Arab Republic of Egypt”.
In 1978, Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel. Sadat was assassinated in 1981 and was succeeded by Mohammad Hosni Mubarak. In 1982, it regained sovereignty over the Sinai Peninsula.
The Jasmine Revolution occurred in 2011, social turmoil occurred in many countries in the Arab world, and anti-government demonstrations “struggling for democracy, anti-dictatorship, and anti-corruption” surged like clouds and clouds. Egypt has become an important scene in this drama.
The movement led to the downfall of President Mubarak, who had been in power for 30 years, and the military took control of the country’s transitional regime. In June 2012, democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi came to power. One year later, he was dismissed by the military, which triggered continuous demonstrations and serious bloodshed by Muslim Brotherhood supporters. Egyptian society is also facing serious divisions and confrontations. situation.
On June 3, 2014, Abdel-Fattah el-Sisi was elected president and took the oath of office on June 8.
On October 28, 2016, Egypt was elected as a member of the United Nations Human Rights Council for a term from 2017 to 2019.
On April 2, 2018, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi won 97.08% of the vote in the presidential election and successfully won re-election.
On April 14, 2018, Egypt once again declared a national state of emergency for three months, starting at 1 o’clock in the morning on April 14. Fight terrorists.
On April 25, 2019, the Egyptian government issued a communiqué, declaring a “state of emergency” for three months and imposing a curfew in the northeastern part of the Sinai Peninsula near Gaza.
