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When did Spain actually recognize the independence of the Netherlands
Between the first and second stages of the Dutch War of Independence, the Netherlands and Spain signed a Twelve Years Truce. The two sides stopped fighting from 1609 to 1621, but the fact that the two sides competed at sea has not stopped.
The fighting intensified, involving both France and England, who declared war on Philip II, who had declared succession to the thrones of both countries. The battle situation is complicated, and it will be endless storytelling the outcome of the land war and the battle in almost every sea area. The destruction of the Spanish Armada in 1588 was a turning point in the war, but by no means the end.
Eventually, Europe grew tired of the endless war, and the Spanish generals believed that the Dutch revolt could not be suppressed by force, and the two sides negotiated and signed the famous Truce of 1609.
This agreement was actually Spain’s recognition of the independence of the inter-provincial republic of the Netherlands. Of course, the Spanish king was reluctant to admit the fact that he was unable to suppress the uprising, so this agreement was called the “Twelve-Year Truce Agreement”. Spain did not officially recognize Dutch independence in the Treaty of Westphalia at the end of the Thirty Years’ War (1648) until 40 years later.
At sea, the Dutch won successive victories and infiltrated the Spanish and Portuguese colonies and began to form an empire. The East India Company was founded in 1602 by Johan van Alden Barnefeldt. In 1607 the Dutch fleet attacked the port of Gibraltar, causing serious damage to a Spanish squadron anchored there. Spain was financially bankrupt that year. Both sides were exhausted and eager for a truce, eventually reaching a twelve-year truce in 1609.
The long-term war and successive tragic defeats exhausted the Spanish people, so they had to start peace talks, and signed the so-called “Twelve Years Armistice Agreement” on April 9, 1609. Spain actually recognized the independence of the Republic of the United Provinces and the southern provinces. still under Spanish rule.
On April 9, 1609, the two sides reached an agreement in Amberes and signed the Twelve Years Truce, also known as the Treaty of Amberes. Basis: 12-year truce between the two sides; Spain lifts the trade embargo on the Republic of the United Provinces with Europe; allows the Netherlands to conduct free trade in the West Indies; the Republic of the United Provinces guarantees religious freedom for Catholics.
The “Twelve Years Truce Agreement” means that Spain recognizes the independence of the northern provinces such as the Netherlands, Zeeland, and Utrecht. After the signing of the agreement, neighboring countries immediately responded to establish diplomatic relations and trade with the Republic of the United Provinces. This gave the United Provinces a respite, and the Habsburgs were undoubtedly hit hard politically.
During this period of peace, the Dutch overseas trade greatly increased. However, Spain was also temporarily out of the troubles of the Dutch war. During the armistice, Spain’s national strength recovered well and its finances were stabilized. She actively restores her prestige before becoming a major player in the next big war.
The “Twelve-Year Truce” lasted until 1621, when the two countries renegotiated the extension of the truce, but resumed the war because they could not reach an agreement.
