157938

The Historical Development of Imperial Academy

Hanlin, that is, the forest of Wenhan, means the same as Wenyuan. The term “Hanlin” can be seen in the “Changyang Fu” written by Yang Xiong in the Han Dynasty. Since the imperial edict of the Han Dynasty was in the Yutang Hall, the Imperial Academy is often called the Yutang Department.

The Hanlin Academy was established in the Tang Dynasty. At the beginning, it was an institution that served people with artistic skills. Since Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy was divided into two types. Imperial Academy.

Hanlin bachelors are responsible for drafting edicts, while Hanlin priests have little real power. After the late Tang Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy evolved into an important institution specializing in drafting secret imperial edicts, known as the “Private Son of Heaven”. Those who serve and have served in the academy are called Hanlin officials, or Hanlin for short.

After the Song Dynasty, it became a formal official position and was in line with the imperial examination. After the Ming Dynasty, it was replaced by the cabinet, etc., and became a place for talent cultivation and storage. It was responsible for compiling books and writing history, drafting edicts, reading for members of the royal family, and serving as an imperial examination examiner. The noble status is the stepping stone to become a senior cabinet minister or even a local official.

History development
Tang Dynasty

Hanlin is the forest of Wen Han.

The Hanlin Academy is an institution established in the Tang Dynasty of China to serve people of various arts. In the early Tang Dynasty, Xuanzong selected courtiers who were good at writing to live in Hanlin to draft imperial edicts, which gradually evolved into an important institution for drafting secret imperial edicts, and the incumbents were called Daizhao. Drafting imperial edicts was originally the full-time job of Zhongshusheren, but Tang Xuanzong felt that the system of drafting imperial edicts in Zhongshusheren was difficult to keep secrets and meet urgent needs, so he once selected trusted officials who were good at literature to serve as imperial courts to prepare for urgent drafting Imperial edict (and writing of proposed poems).

In the twenty-sixth year of Kaiyuan (738), another Hanlin Academy was built for those who drafted imperial edicts to live. There were no posts at the beginning, but later, according to the example of Zhongshu Sheren, six bachelors were appointed, and one of them with the most senior experience was selected as the decree. After the Anshi Rebellion, the military was frequent, and the status of Hanlin scholars became more and more important, not only dividing the power of Zhongshu Sheren in drafting imperial edicts, but also dividing the power of prime ministers in terms of staff secret planning.

After Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty, Hanlin scholars were often promoted to prime ministers. After the establishment of the Bachelor’s College, there was a clear division of labor with the Zhongshu Sheren College. Scholars drafted imperial edicts on the appointment and dismissal of generals and ministers, announcements of amnesty, orders for conquests, etc., which were called internal system; those drafted by Zhongshu Sheren were the appointment and dismissal of general officials and routine proclamations, called external system. system.

There are two eunuchs in the Academy of Academy (or Hanlin Academy Envoys), who serve as communication links between the emperor and the Hanlin scholars and have great political influence. In the fifth year of Tianfu in the later Jin Dynasty (940), it was announced that the Hanlin scholars would be abolished, and the right to draft imperial edicts should be returned to Zhongshusheren, but it was restored soon.

Song Dynasty

The Song Dynasty set up an academy along the Tang system, also known as the Hanlin Academy, sometimes also known as the Hanlin Academy. Hanlin scholars actually acted as advisors to the emperor, and many prime ministers were selected from among them. Hanlin bachelors in the early Northern Song Dynasty also had no rank. After the restructuring of Yuanfeng, Hanlin Scholars Chengzhi and Hanlin Scholars became official officials with the third rank, and did not hold other official positions.

Since the Academy of the Tang Dynasty was separated from the Imperial Academy, it was sometimes called the Academy of the Imperial Academy in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, there was another Hanlin Academy specializing in arts and worship, but it had nothing to do with the Hanlin Academy of the Academy.

In the third year of Jin Tiande (1151), Hanlin Academy was established.

Yuan Dynasty

The Yuan Dynasty set up the Imperial Academy and the Academy of National History and the Mongolian Imperial Academy. The official system was the same as that of the Jin Dynasty.

Ming Dynasty

Ming Kong Zhenyun’s “Epitaph of Huan Yuan Gong (Yuan Keli) on the Ministry of War, Minister of the Ministry of War of the Ming Dynasty”: “Give Jinshi, Tongyi doctor, assistant to Zhan Shifu Zhan Shi and Hanlin Academy’s bachelor, and compile the records of the previous dynasty. Daily life management Liu Cao Zhangzuo, Jianneishu Wenhuadian exhibition book imperial edict, former Youchunfang Youyude Zuo concubine in charge of Nanjing Hanlin Academy affairs, Jingyan lecturer, Tong’s hometown family member Wang Duodun paid homage to Shudan” .

Qing Dynasty

Due to the Ming system in the Qing Dynasty, the Hanlin Academy was established. Set up two bachelors in charge of the academy, one from Manchu and one from Han Dynasty, from the second grade. Bachelors of the Qing Zhangyuan have no responsibility for literary writing, and are the nominal chiefs of officials below the bachelor’s degree, which is different from the Hanlin bachelors in Tang and Song Dynasties. However, it is not only easier for those who serve as Hanlin officials to be promoted than other officials, but also the South Study Room and Upper Study Room walks are performed by Hanlin officials, because the emperor, princes and nearby princes are often treated preferentially.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the imperial examinations were all presided over by Hanlin officials, forming a system of tutors, and the cultural and personal connections were intertwined, extending the influence of the Hanlin to various fields. Hanlin enjoys a high reputation in the intellectual circles and exerts a huge influence on all aspects of society. The system of the Imperial Academy did not begin in the Qing Dynasty but was the most complete in the Qing Dynasty, with the most abundant materials, the largest organization, the most abrupt rank, and the most spectacular scale.

Outer Ban Hanlin

The Hanlin outside the class appeared in the Qing Dynasty, referring to the Hanlin directly recruited from the Manchu and Mongolian officials who were born in Kejia with the special approval of the emperor in order to maintain the proportion of Manchus and Mongolians in the Hanlin. Because he came in through a non-righteous way, he was jokingly called “Douzi Hanlin”, which means that he is not talented enough.

However, not all of the Manchurian Hanlin entered the museum through this method. There were also many people who entered the Hanlin based on their true talents and knowledge, and there was also a family of the Manchurian Hanlin that had been in the Hanlin for several generations. To a certain extent, the foreign class Hanlin also promoted the atmosphere of admiring Confucianism and emphasizing learning among the two major ethnic groups of Manchu and Mongolian.

Yang Hanlin

Yang Hanlin refers to the overseas students who returned to China after the rise of the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty. At the end of the 19th century, the Qing government approved sending Chinese children to study abroad, under the supervision of Yung Wing and Chen Lanbin. Afterward, more and more students studied abroad, and the Qing government gave the students who returned from studying abroad a Jinshi background or an official position according to their diplomas, so they were also called “foreign Jinshi” and “foreign Hanlin”.