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When was the Republic of India established?

In June 1974, Britain announced the “Mountbatten Plan” to divide India into two dominions, India and Pakistan.

On August 15 of the same year, India and Pakistan were divided and India achieved independence. The Republic of India was proclaimed on January 26, 1950, but it is still a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.

The Constitution, which came into effect on January 26, 1950, defines India as a federal state, a sovereign, socialist, secular democratic republic.

India adopts a British-style parliamentary democracy. Citizens are equal before the law regardless of race, gender, origin, religion and place of birth.

The president is the head of state and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He is elected by the “electoral college” composed of the federal parliament and the state parliament for a five-year term. The President exercises his powers on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister. Parliament consists of the Federal House (upper house) and the People’s House (lower house).

There are 244 seats in the Federal Chamber of Deputies. Members are elected by members of the legislatures of the states and central jurisdictions. The term of office is six years. The Federal House meets four times a year, and the Constitution stipulates that the Vice-President is the statutory Speaker of the Federal House.

The People’s House is the main legislative body of the country, and its main functions are: to formulate laws and amend the constitution; to control and adjust the income and expenditure of the federal government; to raise a motion of no confidence in the federal government, and to have the power to impeach the president. The People’s House of Representatives has a total of 545 seats, of which 543 members are elected through elections, and the other 2 members are directly appointed by the president. General elections are held every five years.

The Supreme Court is the highest judicial authority and has the power to interpret the constitution and hear disputes between the central government and the states. The judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President, and the Attorney General is appointed by the President. Their main responsibilities are to provide advice and advice to the government on law enforcement matters, to complete the procuratorial powers stipulated by the Constitution and laws, and to supervise the implementation of the Constitution and laws. States have high courts and counties have district courts.

The independent Republic of India faced a series of serious problems, especially the sequelae brought about by the partition of India and Pakistan.

In the first year of independence, India and Pakistan had a military conflict over the Kashmir dispute. During the era of Nehru, India leaned towards socialism and formulated a five-year plan for economic development following the example of the Soviet Union, but was independent from the two superpower blocs of the Soviet Union and the United States in terms of diplomacy, and chose to become the spokesperson for developing countries. .

However, the Sino-Indian border war that broke out in 1962 negated Nehru’s diplomatic goals and had long-term adverse effects on the relationship between India and China. Lal Bahadur Shastri has fought three weeks of fighting with Pakistan in Kashmir under Lal Bahadur Shastri.

After that, Mrs. Gandhi’s long reign, India won the third Indo-Pakistani war in 1971, but also paid the political price of falling to the Soviet Union. India conducted its first nuclear test in 1974. Mrs Gandhi was defeated in the 1977 general election by her political opponent, Moralji Desai, but soon succeeded in regaining power until she was assassinated in 1984 for her hardline stance on Sikhism.

Mrs Gandhi’s son, Rajiv Gandhi, who succeeded India’s prime minister after his mother’s death, was assassinated by Sri Lanka’s Tamil Tigers in 1991.

From 1998 to 2004, when the BJP was in power, India’s economy continued to grow rapidly, and in May 1998, it conducted five consecutive nuclear tests and became an open nuclear power.

At the beginning of the 21st century, India had become the fourth largest economy in the world (by purchasing power parity) and was widely regarded as one of the potential superpowers.

In the presidential election on July 19, 2007, Pratibha Patil won the first female president of the Republic of India.