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When was the dynasty established by Muslim conquerors in India?

When was the dynasty established by Muslim conquerors in India?

Delhi Sultanates (1206-1526), ​​Sultan Mohammad of the Gur Dynasty was assassinated in 1206, and his country was divided. The governor-general of India, Qutb-Ud-Din Aibek, took Delhi as the center and became an independent sultan, so it was called the Delhi Sultanate. From then on, North India began the Delhi Sultan Dynasty.

The ruling classes of the Delhi Sultanate are all Islamic military feudal nobles from Central Asia, with the Turkic-Afghani “Forty Great Families” as the core , occupying a large amount of military land “Iqta”, and relying on Central Asian foreigners Mercenaries were the backbone of the rule. The oppressive policies of hostility, discrimination, and persecution against Hindu feudal lords and the vast number of residents of all strata, forced poll tax and forced conversion to Islam have stimulated the national feelings and religious sentiments of all strata of Hinduism.

The real Islamic conquest of India began in the 11th century by the Turks of Central Asia. The Ghaznavid Sultan Mahmood invaded India more than 12 times, wreaking havoc in North India.

The Ghaznavid territories in Central Asia were annexed in 1173 by their former vassal, the Gur Dynasty, in Afghanistan. Gur Dynasty ruler Muiz-Ud-Din Muhammad (Muhammad of Gur) decisively defeated the Zhao Han at the Second Battle of Terai in 1192; his remaining governor in India (born a slave) In 1206 Qutb-Ud-Din Aybq assumed the title of Sultan to rule over the Muslim-conquered North Indian region, making Delhi the capital. From then until the establishment of the Mughal Empire, the history of North India is the history of the Delhi Sultanate .

The general term for the Islamic regional feudal countries in North India ruled by the Turkic-Afghan military nobles from the 13th to the 16th century . It is named after its capital, Delhi. In 1206, Qutb-Ud-Din Aybak, the governor of Delhi ruled by the Gur Dynasty of Afghanistan, established himself as the sultan of India and made Delhi the capital, marking the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate’s rule over India.

The next 320 years experienced the rule of 5 dynasties and 32 sultans who had no family relationship with each other, not even ethnicity. The 5 dynasties are: Slave Dynasty (1206-1290), Kargi Dynasty (1290-1320), Tughluq Dynasty (1320-1414), Said Dynasty (1414-1451), Lodi Dynasty (1451-1526) ).

Except during the reign of extremely powerful sultans such as Allah-Ud-Din Karji, the Delhi Sultanate was at best one of the largest kingdoms in North India. The Rajputs of North India continued to be strong, while South India almost never entered the territory of the Sudanese regime.

Three major invasions of the Deccan region during the Allah-Ud-Din Karji period kept the northern Deccan subject to sultan rule until the 14th century; Firoz Tughluk sultan surrendered to Orissa ruled by a Hindu maharaja. The problems plaguing Sudan are mainly insurgencies and external invasions. Revolts and royal infighting abounded throughout the existence of the Delhi Sultanate. The momentum of secession has never been effectively contained, and several prominent sultans have suppressed large-scale rebellions.

The threat of external invasion came primarily from the Mongols and later from the Central Asian conqueror Timur. Timur’s horrific invasion finally brought the crumbling Sudanese regime to its knees. The Delhi Sultanate disintegrated shortly after Timur’s withdrawal, and independent kingdoms abounded, although there were still nominal sultans, but their power was almost limited to Delhi and the Punjab.

During the Delhi Sultanate period, India’s Muslim culture has developed greatly. Many Sudans implement relatively liberal religious policies and do not persecute non-Muslim residents other than a poll tax. The grand buildings of Islamic style rose up in India, and the architectural style formed during this period is sometimes referred to as the Delhi style.

In literature, great poets such as Amir Huslu were born. The Turks also brought with them a pernicious institution: slavery, which prevailed in the court and in the houses of the nobles. Of particular note is the emergence of Urdu during the Sultanate and the emergence of Sikhism at the end of the Rhodes.

Sultan Allah-Ud-Din Karji of the Karji Dynasty was the most powerful Muslim monarch during the reign of the Delhi Sultanate in India. He got rid of the control of the Islamic theologian Uleima, rectified finance and administration, strengthened centralization, and established an elite cavalry force of 470,000 people.

Launched a violent offensive against the Rajput states, captured Chittor, Ran Sambol, Ujjain, and opened the way for expansion to the Deccan. The Sultan of the Tughluq Dynasty, Mohammad Ibn Tughluq, sent a large army to expedition to South India four times. The territory was expanded to the south of the Kofri River, and the number of provinces increased to 23, which made the Delhi Sultanate reach its heyday.

However, from 1335 to 1351, there was a seven-year drought and famine in North India, one of the worst in history. But Muhammad was still busy with the war and could not mobilize food relief, which led to frequent rebellions, even in Delhi.

In 1351, Muhammad was killed in a battle by rebels in Sind, and his cousin Firuz declared his succession. His reign lasted until his death in 1388.

Firuz was a very constructive sultan, he first gave up his conquest of the south and concentrated on building Delhi, building beautiful new gardens, mosques, hospitals and schools. He also sponsored new irrigation systems, including converting more land into fertile land. He abolished criminal laws such as torture and devoted himself to improving the relationship between the ruler and the people. He is also an avid Muslim. Soon after his death, the sultanate split into several rival cliques.

Since then, the Delhi Sultanate has gradually declined due to the rise of the Vijayanagar kingdom in the Hindu region of South India and the weakening of the central government’s control over the power of the local feudal lord, Grand Jagildar, by Firoz Tughluk.

In 1398, Timur invaded India and occupied Delhi, dealing a fatal blow to the already divided Delhi Sultanate. The governors of the provinces became independent, and the Saeed and Lodi dynasties were reduced to small states that only ruled the Delhi and Lahore regions.

In the First Panibat War in 1526, the Afghans lost and the Delhi Sultanate fell to the Mughals established by descendants of Genghis Khan.