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General information Germany

General information Germany 

Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland)

Capital city: Berlin

Official language: German

Government: Federal Republic

Currency: Euro (€) ( EUR)

Phone number: 49

Germany ( German: Deutschland ), or its official name is Federal Republic of Germany (English: Federal Republic of Germany ; Germany: Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is a constitutional federal republic in central Europe. It is a union of 16 states. The country has a democratic regime of freedom and a welfare state.

Its northern border is the North Sea, Denmark and the Baltic Sea. to the east by Poland and the Czech Republic. south of Austria and Switzerland West borders France, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands. There is the capital and major city of the country, Berlin. Germany has a population of about 80 million and has one of the highest population densities. It is also the third most migrant country in the world. After the United States, Germany was the second popular migration destination. the most in the world

Germany is one of the founding members of the European Union and also formed a monetary union. with members of the European Union, and another 17 countries, using the name Eurozone Germany is a member of the UNO, OECD, NATO, G7 and G20 groups. able to compete on a global scale

If measured by normal gross domestic product Germany is the largest economy in Europe and the fourth largest in the world. In 2012 it was the third largest exporter. The Human Development Index is considered very high.

Climate

The climate of Germany varies from region to region. by the average temperature in winter The plain is 1.5 degrees Celsius, the mountain range is -6 degrees Celsius.

Season

• Winter (December-February) The weather is extremely cold. The temperature will be around – 5 – 5 degrees.
• Spring (March–May)
• Summer (June-August) The daylight hours are the longest during this period. The temperature will be around 18-20 degrees.
• Autumn (Autumn) (September–November)
  time

Germany time is 5 hours slower than Thailand during April – October ( Daylight Saving time)
and time is 6 hours slower than Thailand in late October – late March.

Electrical System

Germany uses 230 V, 50 Hz electrical system like Thailand. But the power plug is a round head with 2 pins. If there is electrical equipment from Thailand If you are going to use it there, you should prepare a Universal Adapter (power adapter) before leaving.

Tap water

Tap water in Germany known for cleanliness You can drink from the taps at hotels and restaurants.

Communication

Currently, there are many ways to contact people living abroad, such as social networks or chat-type applications on smartphones that can make calls or video calls. with internet without any service charge (For more information, please contact Fulbright staff)

Calling to Germany

+49+city code+required number, e.g. call Berlin (city code 30) number 30-12345678.

The Euro is a currency that 19 European Union countries (as of January 1, 2015) have agreed to share. Started on July 1, 1999 (some countries use later)

1 Euro is divided into 100 cents, but the cent’s name may vary from country to country.

ISO code: EUR

Symbol: €

Frequently used coins: 1,2,5,10,20,50 cents,€1,€2

Frequently used banknotes: €5, €10, €20, €50, €100.

The German State can be divided into 16 states

Each state has its own local government, flag and state coat of arms. But there will be a Ministry of supreme administration overseeing every state again.

In these 16 states, there are 3 special states:

Berlin, Hamburg (both considered city-states) and Bremen (considered independent states).

In the state of Bremen, if you look at the map above, you will see 2 red dots (one on the number 5 and a small dot above the number 5) that’s weird, isn’t it? But it’s the same state. At number 5 it’s called Bremen State, and it’s next to the sea called Bremerhaven because the word Haven means harbor.

The 16 German states and their capitals are as follows:

1. Baden-Württemberg, the capital city is Stuttgart.
2. The state capital of Bavaria is Munich.
3. The state of Berlin is the capital city of Berlin.
4. The state capital of Brandenburg is Potsdam.
5. Bremen, the capital city is Bremen.
6. The state of Hamburg is the capital city of Hamburg.
7. The state capital of Hesse is Wiesbaden.
8. State of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, the capital is Schwerin.
9. Lower Saxony state capital is Hanover.
10. North Rhine-Westphalia state capital is Düsseldorf.
11. Rhineland-Palatinate state capital is Mainz.
12. The state capital of Saarland is Saarbrücken.
13. The state capital of Saxony is Dresden.
14. The state capital of Saxony-Anhalt is Magdeburg.
15. Schleswig-Holstein state capital is Kiel.
16. The capital city of Thuringia is Erfurt.

Gistory of Germany

Before entering the history of Germany Let’s first understand that…

• The word German is used to refer to a person or language.
• The word Germany is used to refer to a country.
• But the Germans call themselves Deutsch, using the Deutsch language.
• Instead, they call their country Deutschland.

Once upon a time, a long time ago…

Birth of the Roman Republic (509 BC – 1st century BC)

Rome is a small city. but considered the most civilized city Rome was founded in about 753 BC. Then it was established as “Roman Republic” in 509 BC, which is considered the first republic in the world.

Later, in 270 BC, the Roman Republic expanded its territory. until occupying the entire area of ​​Italy today

Later, in 100 BC, there was a civil war. and spread, including around But a Roman general named Julius Caesar won a great victory.

The present area of ​​France, Spain, England, Greece, Egypt, Syria and Asia Minor. (That is, in the past, there were no names of these countries.) All of them belonged to the Roman Republic.

The Germanic people invaded the Roman Republic borders. During that long civil war (100 BC) The Germanic people from Scandinavia (present-day Upper Europe) gradually settled. until it occupies a very wide area is from the Rhine to the Ural Mountains

This Germanic people Swede, Danish, Norwegian, English, Icelandic, Faroese, German, Austrian, Dutch, Freesian, Flemish, African.

But below (lower Europe), there were already decentralized Romans. So a battle ensued.

In A.D. 9, the Roman army had a great defeat against the Germanic people. Even causing the Romans to give up the idea of ​​invading the Germanic people as well. (It’s not common, Germanic people.)

When the Germanic people saw that he could defeat the Romans therefore advancing along the border of the Roman Republic and gradually assimilated with the Romans as well until the Germanic people Can be divided into many tribes, the main ones are Visigoths, Vandals, Franks, etc.

The Roman Republic transformed into the Roman Empire (around the 1st century AD).
Actually during the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire Still controversial That should be a good period. but in the range 44 BC – 27 BC exactly.

As the Roman Republic became weakened by the civil war and internal conflicts

until later During the 3rd century , Rome was ended as the capital of the Roman Empire in 286 AD. Then move the capital to Mediolanum (or at present Milan ) and move again to Ravenna.

The Roman Empire was divided. The Roman Empire was divided into two parts:

Western Roman Empire (286 – 476 AD)

Eastern Roman Empire or known as Byzantine Empire (330–1453)

But the Roman Empire still prospered. because of the confluence of the emperor But when the last emperor died in A.D. 395, the Roman Empire was decisively separated from the west and the east as mentioned above.

Fall of the Western Roman Empire (476 AD)

During the 4th century There are Han people from Asia (the most prominent is Attila (Attila) ) invaded the Germanic people. causing them to flee deep into the inner western Roman Empire from where it used to be, but along the border

This incident was one of the reasons that made the Western Roman Empire getting weaker (It would be as if migrant workers have flooded into our country. More problems, more difficult arrangements according to culture and ideas are divided.)

In the end, the leader of the Germanic tribe, Odoacer, was able to capture Rome. (Don’t forget that at that time, Rome was no longer the capital. The capital at that time was in Ravenna.)

But it made Romulus Augustus, the emperor of the Western Roman Empire. to abdicate in the year 476 (considered the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire)

This point is considered a collapse. of the Western Roman Empire.

Later, it entered the Middle Ages or began to enter European history.