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How the Bagan Dynasty fell?

The Bagan Dynasty was the first unified feudal dynasty in Myanmar, with 15 emperors in total. However, the Bagan Dynasty was not destroyed by its own internal rebellion, but was destroyed by Kublai Khan of the Yuan Dynasty, that is, the Yuan-Myanmar War.

The Yuan-Myanmar War was a war caused by the Yuan Dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan leading his army to attack the Bagan Dynasty in Burma from 1277 to 1287. The war ended with the victory of the Yuan army and the Bagan Dynasty became a vassal state of the Yuan Dynasty.

In 1254, the emperor Narathi Hobo ascended the throne, tyrannical and ruthless, and rebellions spread everywhere. The Shan forces in the northern part of Bagan have flourished, and they have continued to invade Bagan from the south. In 1271, the Mongolian Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in northern China. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Kublai Khan sent envoys to Bagan to surrender many times, but the King of Bagan ignored them. In 1277, Yuan soldiers attacked Bamo, but retreated due to the hot weather, and then Yuan soldiers attacked Bagan again and again.

After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty in 1271, Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, continued to use force to try to subdue neighboring countries. After the destruction of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1276, the national strength increased greatly. Since 1277, the Yuan Dynasty and the Bagan Dynasty began to fight in the border area of ​​Yunnan.

In the 14th year of Zhiyuan (1277), Myanmar dispatched 40,000 to 50,000 soldiers and 800 war elephants to the newly attached thousand-eight (now Yingjiang County, Yunnan) and the original attached golden teeth (now the Dai people of Dehong, Yunnan) on the West Road of Yuan Dynasty Town. Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture and other regions) invaded, and A He, the head of the thousand fortunes, complained to the Yuan court. On Dali Road (where it is located in today’s Dali City), thousands of Mongolian households and the general manager Xin Juri led 700 cavalry to aid Ah He. The Yuan army and the Burmese army met during the march, and fought fiercely for two days.

The Yuan army first broke the phalanx of its elephant team, and the Burmese army was in chaos and retreated. The Yuan army chased for more than 30 li and broke through its 17 villages. In October of the same year, Marshal Nasu Rading, the Yuan Dynasty ambassador to Yunnan, dispatched 3,848 troops to expedition to Myanmar.

The Yuan army occupied Jiangtoucheng (now Jiangxin, Manmo County, Burma) and surrendered 35,200 households (about 300 villages) of the nearby Shan tribes. Later, due to the hot weather, it did not go deep into Myanmar. After Nasuraddin returned to his country, he made a note to the imperial court, saying: The terrain of Myanmar is full of emptiness and solidity, and it is all in my hands, and I can conquer it.

In February of the 17th year of Zhiyuan (1280), Nasu Radin and others once again requested the expedition of Burma. Kublai Khan approved it, ordered troops to be dispatched, and made active preparations. commander.

In the 20th year of Zhiyuan (1283), the expedition of the Burmese army marched by water and land, and broke through Jiangtou City, Taigong City (in present-day Myanmar’s Laingong County) and other places, and divided troops to garrison. Afterwards, 12 tribes including King Wumeng of King Jiandu (northern Myanmar) and Jinya Nanyi, who belonged to the King of Burma, returned to the Yuan Dynasty.

However, the King of Burma insisted on asking for surrender to the Yuan Dynasty in November of the 22nd year of Zhiyuan (1285). Kublai Khan allowed him to repent and repent, and reiterated that Burmese dignitaries should come to Beijing to pay tribute in person, and to this end sent troops to escort Qianlie to Burma. However, before Cowardly reached Bagan, the capital of Myanmar, civil strife broke out in Myanmar.

In the twenty-fourth year of Zhiyuan (1287), infighting occurred in the Burmese royal family. The concubine of the King of Burma quickly imprisoned (one said to be killed) the King of Burma, and also killed Ananda (annanda lottery), an official sent by the King of Yunnan in the Yuan Dynasty, and others. Soon, Kusuguli was also killed in the turmoil in the fight for the throne with his brothers.

The Bagan dynasty in Burma has actually disintegrated into several Shan states. In order to seek political support, most of the nobles and Shan tribal leaders who had supported their own troops to support themselves surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty and accepted various official titles such as the Xuanwei Division appointed by the Yuan Dynasty.

About the twenty-sixth year of Zhiyuan (1289), the Burmese king Lipuwana Aditya also paid tribute to the Yuan Dynasty, and sent his son Xinheba to Dadu to meet the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year, Emperor Chengzong of Yuan Dynasty named Lipu Wana Aditiya as the king of Burma, and Xinheba was the heir of Burma.

During the Dade years, Assange, a powerful minister of Burma and the leader of Muliancheng (now called Qi County in Burma), killed the Burmese king and more than 100 messengers and followers of the Yuan Dynasty who stayed in Burma. He also made his son Zou Nie the king. The great power in the DPRK is in the hands of Brother Asan, and the King of Burma has become a puppet. Yuan Chengzong heard the news and decided to send troops to punish Brother Asan.

In December of the fourth year of Dade (1300), Yuan Chengzong ordered Zongwang Kuokuo, Pingzhang political officials in Yunnan Province Xue Chaowuer, Mangwan Tulumishi and others sent troops to intervene, besieging Muliancheng, and were resisted by defenders. In February of the following year, because Brother Asan bribed the generals of the Yuan army below Kuokuo with a lot of money, the generals of the Yuan army withdrew their troops and returned to the country on the grounds of heat.

After the Yuan army was trained, Brother Asan sent his younger brother, Zhedi, to Yuanshangdu to ask for forgiveness. Chengzong pardoned Assange for the crime of slaying the monarch, issued an edict to stop the expedition to Burma, and acquiesced to the status quo in Burma. Since then, until the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Myanmar has maintained a tributary and vassal relationship to the Yuan Dynasty.