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What was the sign of the end of the French Revolution?
Before the Thermidor coup, in the middle of the French Revolution, the Jacobins took a series of radical measures to completely destroy the autocratic system and complete the revolutionary task.
Economically , from June 3 to July 17, 1793, the National Convention, which was controlled by the Jacobins, promulgated three land laws, which stipulated the method of dividing the land of the fugitive nobles into small parcels and paying them in ten-year installments. Sell it to peasants; distribute the common land of the village community that has been seized by the landlords for hundreds of years to the peasants according to the local population; unconditionally abolish feudal obligations, burn all land deeds and documents, and impose prison terms on those who hide them.
These land policies changed feudal land ownership into small peasant land ownership, uprooted feudalism, and more thoroughly eradicated the economic foundation of the autocratic system, but these land-related measures directly caused the backwardness of the first and second industrial revolutions in France. in other countries.
Politically , a decree was issued on September 17, 1793, ordering the local authorities to arrest all suspects and severely suppress the rebels in Lyon, Vendée and other cities, and Queen Marie Antoinette was sentenced to death; in the center, The Girondists who colluded with foreign countries and suppressed the people were hit hard. 136 Girondists were expelled from the National Convention, and 22 of them were sentenced to death.
Militarily , in the spring of 1793, Austria, Spain, Holland, England, Russia, Prussia, Sardinia, and Naples formed the first anti-French alliance, striving to support the rebellion of the royal party all over France, subverting the revolutionary regime and restoring the French autocratic monarchy. Under the severe situation of internal and external troubles, the National Convention issued a general mobilization order to defeat the anti-French alliance and drive them out of France. The military victory dealt a severe blow to the counter-revolutionary forces at home and abroad and consolidated the regime.
Ideologically and culturally , Catholicism was abolished and converted to “Reasonism”, the church became a club and temple for worshiping reason, and the icons were replaced by busts of Marat, Salier and Le Biledi, on the square of Notre Dame de Paris. , burned altars and prayer paintings, Paris bishop Guber Gobert and many other priests cut ties with religion in favor of rationalism.
In October 1793, the National Convention passed a decree adopting a new calendar. The New Year’s Day, the day when the republic was established, did not have a religious day. Obviously, the purpose was to oppose Catholicism. In addition, social customs, life, and even clothing were revolutionized. , such as “citizen” instead of “Mr.”, eliminating powdered wigs and overly flashy fashion.
At the same time, leaders of the Girondists in other cities across the country were executed and committed suicide in large numbers, physically eliminating dissidents. The counter-revolutionaries suffered fatal blows, stabilized the social order, consolidated the political power, and safeguarded the achievements of the revolution.
On July 26, 1794, Robespierre delivered a speech at the National Convention, saying that “there are still members of the National Convention who have not been cleared”, but the members asked Robespierre to name the members, Robespierre. Er did not say it, causing panic among the lawmakers, and everyone was in danger.
Since there have been precedents for Denton and others to be purged in the past, it triggered the intention of lawmakers to stage a coup. In a speech at the Jacobin Club that night, Robespierre pointed out, “I’m afraid you heard my speech today, it’s probably my last words.”
On July 27, 1794, Robespierre went to the National Convention, but was interrupted by the speaker; there began to be voices of “down with the tyrant” and the arrest of Robespierre and others, and the National Convention announced that Robespierre would be arrested. Bespierre was “not protected by the law” and was arrested, along with his younger brother Robespierre, Saint-Just, G. Couton and others.
They were once rescued by the commander of the National Guard, F. Henriault, and finally Robespierre fled to the Paris City Hall, and was about to commit suicide by raising a gun. A young soldier of the National Guard shot and smashed Robespierre’s Jaw and arrest him.
On July 28, 1794, twenty-two people, including Robespierre and Saint-Just, were sent to the guillotine. At the moment when Robespierre was smashed, the audience expressed their joy that there was a 15-minute speech. applaud. After that, more than 100 Jacobins were executed, and the Thermidor coup was also regarded as a “reactionary counterattack”.
It is said that after Robespierre’s death, a humorous Frenchman engraved on his tombstone the words “Passers-by! I, Robespierre, rest here, please don’t grieve for me, if I live. If you don’t, you won’t survive.”
The Thermidor coup overthrew the rule of the Jacobins and heralded the end of the civil revolution in the French Revolution . In the coup, a regime represented by the Thermidorians was established. French history has entered a period of safeguarding the achievements of the Great Revolution.
