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Biography of Henry Tudor
Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509), whose real name was Henry Tudor, was the first King of England in the Tudor dynasty (22 August 1485 – 21 April 1509) Reigned on the 21st).
Henry Tudor, the son of Henry VI’s half-brother Edmund Tudor and Lord Margaret Beaufort, was raised in exile in Brittany, France, and regarded as a Lancastrian leader.
In August 1485, Henry Tudor defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth, and immediately became king, establishing the Tudor dynasty, known in history as Henry VII. Governs the Kingdom of England and its surrounding territories. Henry VII rewarded industrial and commercial development during his tenure, and was known as the wise king.
Biography
Background
Henry Tudor was born in Pembroke Castle, Wales on January 28, 1457, a descendant of the Lancastrian royal family in England. His mother was Princess Margaret Beaufort, and his father was Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond.
Margaret Beaufort was the granddaughter of John Beaufort, Duke of Lancaster. John Beaufort, Duke of Lancaster, was the illegitimate son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, and his mistress, Katherine Swynford, in the 14th century. The Duke of Lancaster’s father was King Edward III.
In 1396, the Duke of Lancaster and Catherine officially married when John Beaufort was 25 years old. In the same year, the Church of Rome and the Parliament of England issued their respective proclamations the following year, retroactively recognizing John Beaufort as the legitimate child of the Duke of Lancaster.
The Duke of Lancaster’s other legitimate son, King Henry IV, also recognized the status of John Beaufort’s legitimate children, but declared that they had no right to the throne. But the Beaufort family has always been on the same political front as the Lancastrian royal family of the same clan.
Granddaughter of John Beaufort, Shire Margaret Beaufort, married Edmund Tudor, Earl of Richmond. Edmund Tudor was the illegitimate son of Owen Tudor, a Welsh nobleman, and Catherine of Valois, widow of King Henry V of England, and half-brother of King Henry VI of England.
In 1471, King Henry VI of England was killed by Edward IV, and the Lancaster dynasty was replaced by the York dynasty. The Tudors were also exiled to France.
Life in exile
In May 1471, Henry Tudor, who was only fourteen years old, as the only remaining male heir to the Lancaster family, was protected by his uncle Jasper Tudor, escaped across the sea and came to Brittany, France. , regarded as the leader of the Lancastrian faction. And his mother, Margaret Beaufort, remarried Lord Thomas Stanley in England, and planned for her son’s future in England under the rule of the York Dynasty.
After the death of Edward IV in 1483, Richard staged a coup to abolish Edward V, and on June 26, 1483 Richard himself ascended the throne, becoming Richard III.
In September 1483, Henry Stafford, 2nd Duke of Buckingham, got in touch with Henry Tudor’s mother and made a plan for Henry Tudor’s invasion of England with the support of the Duke of Brittany. Prepare. They planned to riot in the western part of the country by the Duke of Buckingham at the same time as Henry’s invasion. Due to delays in Henry’s voyage across the sea, he reached Poole in southern England with only two ships left, and the domestic uprising had failed, and the Duke of Buckingham had been executed. Henry’s invasion plan ended in failure.
Into the monarchy
In 1485, the political actions of King Richard III caused dissatisfaction among the great British nobles. Taking advantage of Richard III’s low popularity, Lord Margaret was able to convert disaffected Yorkist supporters to his son Henry. The political opponents of Richard III turned to Henry Tudor in exile in France. Many proposed and favored the marriage of Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward IV) to Henry Tudor. They saw this as a means of ending the feud between the Yorks and Lancasters.
When Richard III’s attempt to kidnap Henry in France failed, Henry Tudor had more followers in England, and Henry Tudor declared himself the heir to the throne of Lancaster.
On August 1, 1485, Henry Tudor set sail from Hafleur with the patronage of King Charles VIII of France. He was accompanied by his uncle, Jasper Tudor, Lord of Oxford, and some knights in exile with him, and his fleet was full of some 2,000 French mercenaries. He made landfall at Mill Bay, near Milford Harbor, on 7 August.
Henry Tudor marched east, first to Haverfordwest, then to Aberystwyth, arriving at Aberystwyth on 10 August 1485 without resistance. He then continued east and northeast, taking Welshpool and taking Shrewsbury on 15 August. After this he occupied Newport, Stafford, Litchfield, Tamworth, and Atherstone.
On August 20, 1485, Henry Tudor camped at Atherstone, and he sent someone to contact the great nobles (Norfolk, Northumberland, Stanley) still in Richard III’s camp, As a result of his obituary issued in late 1484, his supporters all over England took action, and the ranks swelled to 5,000. Richard III realized that the situation was serious, so he raised an army of ten thousand people to face it. On August 22, the two sides fought decisively at Bosworth in central England.
At a critical juncture in the battle, Richard III’s general, Lord Thomas Stanley (Henry Stepfather) and the Earl of Northumberland stood still, and Lord Stanley’s younger brother, Sir William Stanley, led 3,000 men to openly defect, and the York Army disintegrated. die. His tiara, which fell in a bush during battle, was found by Lord Thomas Stanley and dedicated to Henry Tudor.
After the victory, Henry became the King of England and created the Tudor Dynasty in British history for Henry VII.
Kingship
Henry Tudor’s coronation at Westminster Abbey in London on October 30, 1485, Henry Tudor’s stepfather Thomas Stanley, wearing an expensive sable robe, sent the king’s sword from the Tower of London to Westminster Abbey. Thomas Stanley was not involved in the battle to put his stepson on the throne, but he was richly rewarded for waiting and watching, and his rank rose to earl.
Parliament was convened after the coronation, and the nobles welcomed Henry Tudor as the second Joshua (the king of Judea after Moses) who had rescued the people from the tyrant, and soon passed a decree proclaiming the throne of England Passed down from generation to generation by Henry Tudor and his descendants.
In order to ease political contradictions and strengthen the legitimacy of becoming King of England, on January 18, 1486, at Westminster Abbey in London, Henry VII held a wedding ceremony with Elizabeth, the daughter of Edward IV of the York Dynasty. They were all descendants of Edward III. Henry VII announced the merger of the two families of York and Lancaster, quelling the dispute over their succession, and ending the War of the Roses (War of the Roses) with this marriage between rival families. The red rose of Lancaster and the white rose of York were combined to form the royal emblem of the Tudor Dynasty, the red and white “Tudor Rose”.
Quell the rebellion
In the early days of Henry VII’s accession to the throne, the main energy was to eliminate the old forces of the York Dynasty, eliminate the threat to the throne, and consolidate his rule. While marrying Princess Elizabeth, he captured Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of George, Duke of Clarence, and imprisoned the ten-year-old nobleman in the Tower of London.
In 1487, two years after the Battle of Bosworth, a man named Lambert Simnel, claiming to be Edward, Earl of Warwick, rebelled. The man who actually ran the rebellion was the Earl of Lincoln, who had been named heir by Richard III. On June 16, 1487, Henry VII launched the Battle of Stoke to suppress the false Edward’s rebellion.
In 1491, a French merchant, supported by France and Scotland, who claimed to be Richard, Duke of York, the second son of Edward IV, rose up against Henry VII. This fake Richard was recognized by various monarchs in Western Europe, so he was a great threat to Henry VII. The fake Richard invaded England three times, and it was not until 1497 that he was pacified and the fake Richard was captured.
In January 1499, False Richard was executed. Two days later, Edward, the real Earl of Warwick, who had been imprisoned for fourteen years, was also ordered to be hanged by Henry VII. At this point, the male heir of the York family died out.
Alliance and marriage
Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth made many appearances, four of whom lived to adulthood: eldest son Arthur, second son Henry, Duke of Richmond, Princess Margaret of Scotland and Mary Tudor Princess (Mary Tudor).
Princess Margaret improved relations with Scotland by marrying King James IV of Scotland.
Princess Mary married King Louis XII of France.
Henry VII married Catherine, Princess of Aragon, Spain for his eldest son Arthur, in order to conclude an alliance with King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile. Arthur and Catherine honeymooned at Ludlow Castle, the traditional residence of the Prince of Wales, but four months after their marriage, Arthur died suddenly and Henry, Duke of Richmond, became heir to the throne.
In order to maintain a friendly relationship with Spain through marriage, Henry VII persuaded Catherine to stay and marry her second son Henry, Duke of Richmond.
Henry VII died at Richmond Palace in England on April 21, 1509, at the age of 52. Buried in Henry VII Chapel at the east end of Westminster Abbey in London.
